Panic disorder is a debilitating mental health condition that affects millions worldwide. Despite its prevalence, panic disorder is often misunderstood, leading to stigma and lack of support for those who experience it. By increasing awareness and empathy, we can take fundamental steps toward better mental health for all.

What is Panic Disorder?

Panic disorder is characterised by recurring panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety that often peak within 10 to 20 minutes. These episodes are accompanied by physical symptoms like heart palpitations, sweating, tremors, dizziness, and shifts in temperature. After a panic attack, individuals may feel residual anxiety for hours. Panic disorder involves not just these attacks but also a persistent fear of future episodes, leading to significant behavioural changes and avoidance of triggering situations or places.

Difference Between Panic and Anxiety Attacks

While both panic and anxiety attacks involve intense fear, they differ in their triggers and duration. Anxiety attacks are often triggered by specific stressors and may develop gradually. In contrast, panic attacks occur suddenly and unexpectedly, with more intense but shorter symptoms.

Panic Attacks vs. Panic Disorder

Experiencing a panic attack does not necessarily mean one has panic disorder. Panic disorder is diagnosed when there are recurrent, unpredictable panic attacks that cause significant disruption in daily life, along with a constant fear of future attacks. This fear may lead to behavioural changes, such as avoiding crowded places or public transportation. In some cases, individuals may develop agoraphobia, a fear of situations where escape might be difficult.

Causes and Risk Factors

The development of panic disorder can be influenced by several factors:

• Genetics: A family history of panic disorder may increase susceptibility.
• Neurobiology: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, can play a role.
• Environmental Factors: Stressful life events, trauma, or significant life changes may trigger the onset of panic disorder.
• Personality Traits: High neuroticism (a tendency toward negative emotions) and anxiety sensitivity may elevate the risk.
• Substance Sensitivity: Sensitivity to caffeine, alcohol, and cannabis can trigger or intensify panic attacks.

Symptoms of Panic Disorder

Key symptoms include:

• Panic Attacks: Intense episodes of extreme fear or discomfort, often accompanied by physical symptoms like a rapid heart rate, sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath.
• Anticipatory Anxiety: A persistent fear of experiencing panic attacks, leading to ongoing anxiety and avoidance behaviours.
• Agoraphobia: Fear of situations or places where escape might be difficult, such as crowded places or public transportation.

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is diagnosed based on the frequency and intensity of panic attacks and the constant fear of having another. Generally, a diagnosis is considered if an individual has experienced four or more panic attacks and has a persistent fear of future attacks.

Treatment for Panic Disorder

Effective treatment options include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both:

Psychotherapy

• Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT helps individuals identify triggers and modify thought patterns, behaviours, and reactions to reduce the frequency and severity of panic attacks.
• Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to panic-inducing stimuli helps individuals become accustomed to these situations, reducing anxiety over time. Relaxation techniques, such as breathing exercises, are also taught.

Medication

• Antidepressants: Often used in combination with therapy to alleviate symptoms.
• Anti-Anxiety Medication: Prescribed cautiously due to the potential for addiction.

Living Well and Prevention

Managing panic disorder also involves adopting a healthy lifestyle and preventive measures:

• Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and smoking.
• Engage in regular exercise to manage stress and improve mood.
• Maintain a balanced diet to support overall well-being.
• Implement stress management strategies.
• Consult healthcare providers before using herbal supplements or OTC medications, as some substances may increase anxiety.

Conclusion

Panic disorder can be distressing, but with timely intervention and ongoing care, individuals can regain control of their lives. Greater awareness and understanding of panic disorder can help reduce stigma and promote a more compassionate approach to mental health. If you or someone you know is experiencing panic attacks, seeking professional support is a vital step toward healing.